ABSTRACT
Background: Laboratory parameters play a key role in triaging, predicting disease course, severity and may determine prognosis COVID-19 patients. Material and methods: Aim and Objectives: To study the relation of clinical and laboratory parameters (total WBC count, neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio, serum ferritin, serum D-dimer, serum LDH, CRP, ESR) with severity and outcome of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. Sample size: It was a time-bound study conducted over 3 months (1st April to 30th June, 2020). A total of 206 patients will be included in this study satisfying the inclusion criteria. Study design: This was a prospective, observational and non-interventional study conducted on patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Statistical Analysis: Data will be analyzed for mean, percentage, standard deviation, and chi-square test for quantitative data by using appropriate statistical tests using INSTAT software version 8.0 (trial version) and p-value < 0.05 will be considered statistically significant. Results: Total of 206 patients of both genders were included in the present study. Total 141 (68.44%) patients were males and 65 (31.55%) patients were females (Chi Sq. 56.07;DF:1;p < 0.001). Among all the groups according to the severity of illness, 'D' group was the most common group (n = 99;45.06%). Age > 60 years (17.48%), obesity (13.11%), hypertension (10.19%), COPD (5.83%), and diabetes mellitus (5.83%) were the most frequent risk factors or comorbidities associated with COVID-19 disease. Many patients had multiple risk factors in the present study. The majority (3/4th) of the patients were in C and D group (moderate) with co-morbidities and about 1/4th were in the severe group. Total 5 (2.43%) patients with COVID-19 patients succumbed to death with an overall case fatality rate of 2.43%. The case fatality rate was significantly higher among the patients with risk factors or comorbidities (p = 0.0124). Late presentation, associated comorbidity, advancing age, High level of ferritin, D-dimer, CRP, PaO2/FiO(2) ratio less than 100 at the time of admission were associated with mortality. The terminal event in patients who have succumbed was bradycardia followed by cardiorespiratory arrest. The cause of death was ARDS with bilateral extensive pneumonia. Conclusions: Late presentation, associated comorbidity like diabetes mellitus, advancing age, High level of ferritin, D-dimer, CRP, PaO2/FiO(2) ratio less than 100 at the time of admission were associated with mortality. The terminal event in patients who have succumbed was bradycardia followed by cardiorespiratory arrest. The cause of death was ARDS with bilateral extensive pneumonia.
ABSTRACT
Background: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is caused by the SARS-CoV 2 virus. Understanding the common laboratory features of COVID-19 in more severe cases versus non-severe patients and its variability over time could be quite useful for clinicians to predict the model of disease progression. Aim and Objectives: To assess the laboratory parameters in patients with COVID-19 and to compare the laboratory parameters of patients presenting in 2020 to 2021. Material and Methods: This was be a single centre, observational, comparative study done on patients with COVID-19 in 571 patients presenting with moderate to severe severity in a tertiary care hospital. This study was conducted over period of one year from July 2020 to June 2021. All enrolled patients underwent inflammation markers C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, Sr. Ferritin, Interleukin-6 (1L-6), haematological markers (neutrophil, lymphocyte count) Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and High-resolution Computed Tomography (I-IRCT) scan of the thorax. Data were analysed for mean, percentage, standard deviation and chi square test for quantitative data by using SPSS software version 21 (trial version) for analysis and 'p' value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The present study was conducted on 571 patients presenting with moderate to severe COVID-19 infection. A total 279 moderate to severe COVID-19 patients of year 2020 and 292 of 2021 were included and compared in the present study. The IIRCT score, IL-6 level, D-Dimer, serum ferritin, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, total leucocyte count and age had a positive correlation with the severity of the disease in both the year 2020 and 2021. CRP and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) had a positive correlation in 2021. Except NLR, all other parameters had a positive correlation with severity of disease. Conclusion: In the year 2021 there was a trend of relatively younger population being infected often. The correlation of various inflammatory markers with the severity of disease was positive with majority of them demonstrated significant correlation, further supporting their use for disease progression monitoring.
ABSTRACT
Background: The pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 highlighting the zoonotic cross-over link in the present century has provoked an emergency worldwide. Recent experimental evidence supporting the proposition of ABO blood grouping and its susceptibility in certain blood group individuals has created interest among researchers to explore more. Aim: The aim of this study is to find the susceptibility of "ABO" blood group in COVID-19-positive cases. Objectives: Association of ABO blood group patterns with COVID-19-positive cases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study design was conducted among 728 confirmed positive COVID-19 admitted to the tertiary health care center in Maharashtra from June 01, 2020 to August 31, 2020. The inclusion criteria were COVID-19-positive cases confirmed by positive real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. We collected the demographic details, associated clinical symptoms and ABO blood groups from all the patients. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The most common blood group affected was B + (35.5%) followed by A + (26.10%), AB + (20.60%) and O + (11.18%) and the least common was AB- (0.96%), O- (1.51%), A- (1.65%) and B- (1.79%). Conclusions: ABO blood grouping can be used as one of the simplest yet efficient markers for COVID-19. Blood group B Rh-positive and A Rh-positive were the most prevalent blood group types in patients with COVID-19.